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- IN ; call. This will also define the type of the parameter org. Interoperating with "untyped" servers In the above examples, we've been casting the return type of invoke , which is Object, to the appropriate "real" type - for instance, we know that...
- But how do you publish your own services? How do we go about making this class available via SOAP? There are a couple of answers to that question, but we'll start with the easiest way Axis provides to do this, which takes almost no effort at all!...
Question Bank & Answer Key Of Fundamental Of Computers Part 3
Advanced WSDD - specifying more options WSDD descriptors can also contain other information about services, and also other pieces of Axis called "Handlers" which we'll cover in a later section. Scoped Services Axis supports scoping service objects the actual Java objects which implement your methods three ways. We do this with the AdminClient, or the "org. AdminClient" class. The default port is AdminClient deploy. There's an "undeploy. Run the AdminClient on that file, then try the service Client again and see what happens. Note that this listing is an exact copy of the server's "server-config.- More deployment - Handlers and Chains Now let's start to explore some of the more powerful features of the Axis engine. Let's say you want to track how many times your service has been called. To use a handler class like this, you first need to deploy the Handler itself, and then use the name that you give it in deploying a service. Here's a sample deploy. We give this Handler an option to let it know which file to write its messages into. By inserting a reference to "track", we ensure that the message will be logged each time this service is invoked. Remote Administration Note that by default, the Axis server is configured to only accept administration requests from the machine on which it resides - if you wish to enable remote administration, you must set the "enableRemoteAdmin" property of the AdminService to true.
- To do this, find the "server-config. In it, you'll see a deployment for the AdminService. If you do this, please make sure to add security to your configuration! Wrapped services are just like document services, except that rather than binding the entire SOAP body into one big structure, they "unwrap" it into individual parameters. Axis will deserialize XML into Java objects which can be fed to your service, and will serialize the returned Java object s from your service back into XML. Since RPC services default to the soap section 5 encoding rules, objects will be encoded via "multi-ref" serialization, which allows object graphs to be encoded. See the SOAP spec for more on multi-ref serialization. In both cases, however, Axis still "binds" Java representations to the XML see the databinding section for more , so you end up dealing with Java objects, not directly with XML constructs.
- The arguments to our method are what we find when we "unwrap" the outer element and take each of the inner ones as a parameter. Message services Finally, we arrive at "Message" style services, which should be used when you want Axis to step back and let your code at the actual XML instead of turning it into Java objects. The fourth signature passes you two SOAPEnvelope objects representing the request and response messages. This is the signature to use if you need to look at or modify headers in your service method. Whatever you put into the response envelope will automatically be sent back to the caller when you return. Note that the response envelope may already contain headers which have been inserted by other Handlers. The service class, MessageService, has one public method, echoElements, which matches the first of the three method signatures above: public Element[] echoElements Element [] elems The MsgProvider handler calls the method with an array of org.
- Often, this array will contain a single Element perhaps the root element of some XML document conforming to some agreed-upon schema , but the SOAP Body can handle any number of children. Message services must be deployed with a WSDD file. The "message" style tells Axis that this service is to be handled by org. MsgProvider rather than org. You can test this service by deploying it, then running samples. TestMsg look at the source to see what the test driver does. If you want your service to work with other platforms and implementations, you do need to understand the issues. There are some external articles on the subject that act as a good starting place. Read chapters 4 and 5 of the specification to fully understand how things are converted. Here are some of the salient points.
- Understand the concept of fault tolerance Distinguish high availability and fault tolerance Understand the concepts of load balancing and failover Learn about fault tolerance solutions What is fault tolerance Fault tolerance refers to the ability of a system computer, network, cloud cluster, etc. The objective of creating a fault-tolerant system is to prevent disruptions arising from a single point of failure, ensuring the high availability and business continuity of mission-critical applications or systems. Fault-tolerant systems use backup components that automatically take the place of failed components, ensuring no loss of service. These include: Hardware systems that are backed up by identical or equivalent systems.
- For example, a server can be made fault tolerant by using an identical server running in parallel, with all operations mirrored to the backup server. Software systems that are backed up by other software instances. For example, a database with customer information can be continuously replicated to another machine. If the primary database goes down, operations can be automatically redirected to the second database. Power sources that are made fault tolerant using alternative sources. For example, many organizations have power generators that can take over in case main line electricity fails. In similar fashion, any system or component which is a single point of failure can be made fault tolerant using redundancy. Fault tolerance can play a role in a disaster recovery strategy.
- For example, fault-tolerant systems with backup components in the cloud can restore mission-critical systems quickly, even if a natural or human-induced disaster destroys on-premise IT infrastructure. Fault tolerance vs. Five nines, or In most cases, a business continuity strategy will include both high availability and fault tolerance to ensure your organization maintains essential functions during minor failures, and in the event of a disaster. Consider the following analogy to better understand the difference between fault tolerance and high availability.
- A twin-engine airplane is a fault tolerant system — if one engine fails, the other one kicks in, allowing the plane to continue flying. Conversely, a car with a spare tire is highly available. A flat tire will cause the car to stop, but downtime is minimal because the tire can be easily replaced. Some important considerations when creating fault tolerant and high availability systems in an organizational setting include: Downtime — A highly available system has a minimal allowed level of service interruption. A fault-tolerant system is expected to work continuously with no acceptable service interruption. Scope — High availability builds on a shared set of resources that are used jointly to manage failures and minimize downtime.
- Fault tolerance relies on power supply backups, as well as hardware or software that can detect failures and instantly switch to redundant components. Cost — A fault tolerant system can be costly, as it requires the continuous operation and maintenance of additional, redundant components. High availability typically comes as part of an overall package through a service provider e. Some of your systems may require a fault-tolerant design, while high availability might suffice for others. Load balancing and failover: fault tolerance for web applications In the context of web application delivery, fault tolerance relates to the use of load balancing and failover solutions to ensure availability via redundancy and rapid disaster recovery. Load balancing and failover are both integral aspects of fault tolerance. Load balancing solutions allow an application to run on multiple network nodes, removing the concern about a single point of failure.
- Most load balancers also optimize workload distribution across multiple computing resources, making them individually more resilient to activity spikes that would otherwise cause slowdowns and other disruptions. In addition, load balancing helps cope with partial network failures. For example, a system containing two production servers can use a load balancer to automatically shift workloads in the event of an individual server failure.
- Failover solutions, on the other hand, are used during the most extreme scenarios that result in a complete network failure. When these occur, a failover system is charged with auto-activating a secondary standby platform to keep a web application running while the IT team brings the primary network back online. See how Imperva Site Failover can help you with fault tolerance. Schedule Demo or learn more Imperva load balancing and failover solutions Imperva offers a complete suite of web application fault tolerance solutions. The first among these is our cloud-based application layer load balancer that can be used for both in-datacenter local and cross-datacenter global traffic distribution. The solution is provided via a load balancing as a service LBaaS model and is delivered from a globally-distributed network of data centers for rapid response and added redundancy. Intelligent data-driven algorithms e. The other side of the coin is our failover solution that uses automated health checks from multiple geolocations to monitor the responsiveness of your servers.
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In the event of a server failure, site traffic is instantly rerouted to a backup site within seconds, ensuring uninterrupted availability. The service is delivered from the cloud. For peace of mind, all Imperva Incapsula enterprise customer are also offered a Understand the concept of fault tolerance Distinguish high availability and fault tolerance Understand the concepts of load balancing and failover Learn about fault tolerance solutions Related Topics.- Warranties AppleCare Almost all of those are large enough to be a large company in their own right. Airbnb, as we all know it is a marketplace that connects guests and travelers with property owners who want to rent out their property or spaces usually on a short-term basis. Channels Airbnb runs display ads as a means of reaching its customers.
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Here, it runs ads on platforms such as Google ads network and Facebook which targets both hosts and guests in order to increase the number of properties and spaces listed on its platform and also to increase the number of bookings that take place on its platform. The company also engages in search engine marketing as a channel of reaching its customers. It runs ads on Google as a means of traffic and customer acquisition. The company also utilizes unpaid marketing tactics such as search engine optimization SEO , where their content appears on Google search results pages, as a means of attracting traffic to their site. Other channels Airbnb utilizes include host advertising and referrals where users refer other people to the platform and earn some form of reward. Value propositions Airbnb has value propositions for both of its customer segments which include guests and hosts. For the guests, it gives them the opportunity to book unique accommodations all across the world.- These unique accommodations which it offers include cabin stays, treehouse stays, tent stays, cottages, full apartments, luxury houses, or even spaces within a house such as single rooms. These choices provide variety and satisfaction for its hosts, as these are options which are not typically available with hotels. This makes it possible for property owners to earn extra income from their property, not to mention, it is also ideal for property owners who would not be able to rent or lease out their places on a long-term basis. As we can see on its landing page below, its value proposition is well highlighted. The company, utilizing the third-party marketplace business model, provides a platform where hosts can list their property and guests can look for one of these properties to book and stay whenever they wish to travel or go on vacation.
- The company also noted that they currently rely on Amazon Web Services for cloud computing services, which also adds up to its cost structure. According to their official annual report , it was stated that the company has 1, engineers currently working on building and developing their platform. It was also stated that their platform has the following broad and complex requirements: Global payment capabilities, anti-fraud measures, city-specific product requirements, and multilingual real-time community support Delivery of business intelligence insights to manage their marketplace, as well as pricing insights and optimization of occupancy for hosts.
- Incorporation of machine learning to power key areas such as fraud detection. The new service-based architecture being built by Airbnb was noted to provide the following capabilities: Data management systems that will continue to support user privacy, machine learning, business insights, and analytics. Service reliability that will lead to best-in-class centered on availability, disaster recovery, latency and business continuity, security, testability, observability, operability, and agility. Cloud support that will focus on robust capabilities for granular attribution and usage patterns to realize efficiency gains. With the aforementioned facts, it is evident that optimizing and developing its platform is a key activity of Airbnb. Key resources Some of the major resources which reinforce the business model of Airbnb include its platform, as well as its huge library of over 4 million listings from which its guests can book from. Customer relationships Airbnb bolsters its customer relationships by interacting with its customers through its self-service platforms.
- The company has tightened its relationship with its customers by offering refunds to its customers, wherein they evaluate whether the cumulative amount of payments made to customers that are not in exchange for a distinct good or services received from customers exceeds the cumulative revenue earned. They do all this to tighten and increase their customer relationships as well as to ensure customer satisfaction. Revenue streams Airbnb makes money from commissions charged to both its hosts and guests when a reservation is made. The company charges hosts commissions usually under Apple, despite this, manages to extract far more profit from its products and services than its competitors. This is a key feature of the Apple business model. When you charge the same price for a similar service and make a lot more money from it something must be going on under the hood. This starts from the premise that they are going to make the best possible product for their market segment.
- The focus is on how to make a product that will delight and inspire its users. Those are the design constraints. Most other companies use budget and manufacturability as design constraints. For them, a functional product is good enough. Customers understand that it is a functional product and treat it as one. We believe in the simple, not the complex. We believe that we need to own and control the primary technologies behind the products we make. We participate only in markets where we can make a significant contribution. We believe in saying no to thousands of projects so that we can really focus on the few that are truly important and meaningful to us. We believe in deep collaboration and cross-pollination of our groups, which allow us to innovate in a way that others cannot. I mean well on a very deep level. They are hard to design, easy to manufacture and easy to use. There is a significant amount of risk in doing this.
- Design perfection means that they take longer to bring products to market. This key resource is composed of hugely talented people and a number of research and development labs working to bring products and services to fruition. Supply Chain The second key resource that Apple has is its supply chain. In some ways, this is a misnomer as Apple, as part of the design of its business model, has positioned itself as a designer of products It has decided to buy the manufacturing of its products as a key resource delivered by key partners ie Foxconn rather than make them itself. Foxconn is a key partner in the Apple Busines Model In contrast, many computer hardware manufacturers are, well, computer hardware manufacturers. They have to spend a great deal of cash building and running factories, and then even more time focusing on the management of their supply chain to make sure that it works efficiently.
- Imagine we have a management team that has a limited amount of time and attention. It can decide to spend some of its time on manufacturing and some on design. They produce good products as a result. As a result, it gets far better outcomes in both design and manufacturing than other computer hardware manufacturers do. Much of the visible design is focused on the consumer experience. A great deal of the invisible design is focused on the manufacturability of the product. Because Apple gives another party critical control over a key part of its business model there is a huge risk of things going wrong. The manufacturing design, done in Cupertino, work hard to design out as many faults as possible in the product.
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They are easier to manufacture as a result, and this, in turn, reduces the number of issues of product failure and reduces the need for customer support. This could also be called the Apple Ecosystem Everything works smoothly together. The operating system was the middleware that allowed everything to happen. This was rolled over into the Apple Store when the first iPods and iPhones were released. It then became an increasing part of the Apple experience. Everything played nicely together. That then provided additional benefits. Because Apple made its money from hardware sales it has no need to mine customer data and sell it to other people. Apple can give users privacy. It also provides them with safety and security from many of the threats on the internet. Finally, the more Apple products you use the greater the synergy you have. With each product, you add you get fewer irritations and hitches in your electronic life.- The first is the design. The second is branding. Why did I talk about branding being a key activity rather than marketing? Apple is fundamentally about associating their products and services with emotional feelings in its users. Apple wants its users to feel successful. Apple wants them to feel that they have achieved. It wants them to feel different. It wants them to be special This is not something that can be done with traditional feature-based product marketing. It is all about who they can be and the lifestyle that they will become part of if only they buy into the Apple lifestyle.
- Branding also works well because Apple controls a big chunk of its direct distribution channels — the Apple Stores. These are the: Telecoms companies Telecoms Companies in the Apple Business Model Whilst Apple does have shops worldwide this is a small number compared to the shops of other mobile phone companies, telecoms companies and resellers. Expanding this network to enable everyone who wants to buy a phone would be cost prohibitive.
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