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- These aggressive European empires and a newly-rising Japan threatened to exclude American business from vital overseas markets and to expand into the Western Hemisphere. Yet there was considerable hope that science, commerce and civilization had...
- But they did not agree on the best means of looking outward. Should the United States enter a new era of Manifest Destiny and further expand American territory, especially beyond continental North America? If so, should the United States become a...
- Variants of Social Darwinism held that culture was the defining variable and that inferior peoples were capable gradually of being elevated toward higher forms of civilization. This outlook fit into long-standing U. Americans were not completely given over to racial prejudices or to the argument that war was necessary to strengthen the national character. They did appreciate, however, that the strategic map of their world had been altered by new technologies, especially steam power, railroads, and the telegraph. Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, a widely-read military historian, and political allies such as Theodore Roosevelt argued that the United States must develop a modern navy, obtain new overseas bases, and secure critical lines of communication and commerce.
- These strategic trends and political assumptions did not necessary point towards the establishment of a formal U. Public opinion was deeply influenced by a strong anti-imperialist movement, even if the anti-imperialists did not always win out on particular policy matters. Interest, ideals and experience pointed towards solutions other than expansion. Americans retained a deep attachment to the principle that peoples could be governed only with their own consent. The United States arguably could obtain access to overseas markets and military bases without establishing colonies. Perhaps domestic economic and political reform was the answer to overproduction. Racist assumptions cut both ways. The coming twentieth century would witness Americans trying to operate in a difficult, contentious middle ground between empire and non-intervention. Construct arguments using precise and knowledgeable claims, with evidence from multiple sources, while acknowledging counterclaims and evidentiary weaknesses.
- Present adaptations of arguments and explanations that feature evocative ideas and perspectives on issues and topics to reach a range of audiences and venues outside the classroom using print and oral technologies e. Lesson Activities Activity 1. The Growth of Imperialism Near the end of the 19th century Americans began to consider emulating the nations of Europe by building an overseas empire. In this activity, students will discuss the issue of imperialism and whether a policy of U. To begin, discuss with students what Imperialism was and how it influenced America at the end of the Nineteenth Century see background section for teachers. Explain to students that the idea of Imperialism was hotly contested during this time period. Break the class into two groups, those for imperialism and those against. Note: Although U. The remaining lessons in this Unit will consider variants and alternatives to imperialism.
- Columbus then offered his services in leading such an explatory voyage to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of what later became Spain. Queen Isabella in after the defeat of the last Muslim stronghold in Spain agreed to finance such a voyage and named Columbus as the admiral, viceroy and governor of any lands he should find. On August 3, Columbus' fleet of three ships left Spain and made landfall in the Bahamas on October 12th, about two months later. The fleet then sailed to the northeast coast of Cuba and turned to eastward to the island of Hispanola, which now contains the countries of Haiti and the Bominican Republic.
- There Columbus lost his flagship, the Santa Maria. He then returned to Spain to report his findings. When word of Columbus' discoveries reached Portugal its king charged the Spanish with encroachment into the Portuguese realm. Ferdinand and Isabella then appealed to the Pope in Rome, who was in origin a Spaniard. In the Pope issued a proclamation a Bull which assigned all lands which were more than leagues miles west of the Cape Verde Islands to Spain and the land east of that line to Portugual. King John II of Portugal was not satisfied with this division, which he felt jeaprodized Portuguese interests in the South Atlantic so he negotiated a treaty with Ferdinand and Isabella leagues miles farther to the west. This treaty was called the Treaty of Tordesilla. Columbus returned to Hispanola in with 17 ships and colonists. There was dissatisfaction with Columbus' leadership among the colonists and in Columbus returned to Spain to report his new discoveries and answer the charges brought against him by the colonists.
- In returned on a third voyage in which he explored the area off the north coast of South America. He discovered the Island of Trinidad and the mouth of the Orinoco River. When Columbus went to Hispanola he found the colony in chaos the colonists in rebellion against him. To placate the colonists he granted pardons and gave them land and control over groups of natives. But despite Columbus' efforts to bring calm to the colony King Ferdinand appointed a new governor for the colony, Francisco de Bobadilla. Bobadilla arrested Columbus and sent him in chains back to Spain. Columbus was freed and made a fourth voyage to the Americas but he was not allowed to land on Hispanola. Meanwhile other explorers were in the area. In Alonso de Ojeda sailing for Spain visited the mouth of the Orinoco River which Columbus had found on his third voyage. Accompanying Ojeda was an Italian whose presence was to have a profound impact on the region.
- His name was Amerigo Vespucci. Vespucci in led another expedition to the region of the Orinoco for the King of Portugal. A Portuguese navigator, Pedro Alvares Cabral, had sighted the northeast coast of Brazil in and the Portuguese king was interested in what else was nearby. Vespucci concluded that the sightings were of a new continent and stated this in letters he wrote about his explorations. Those letters were published and widely read in Europe. A cartographer in Germany, Martin Waldseemuller, assigned the name America to what is now Brazil on his maps in honor of Amerigo Vespucci. So the original America was South America. To be continued. Charles moved to Spain and began governing the Spanish Empire without speaking Spanish. He married a Portuguese princess, the mother of Philip. Philip was born in Spain and thoroughly Castilian in culture.
- In his old age Charles abdicated and divided the Habsburg Empire between his brother Ferdinand and his son Philip. The latter was sometimes characterized as The Fatal Inheritance for all the problems it created for Philip. Philip became King of Spain in Later the throne of Portugal was vacated by the death of the king and Philip successful claimed the throne of Portugal on the basis of his mother rights. In Philip began the rule of the joint empires of Spain and Portugal.
- Philip died in but the joint monarchy of Spain and Portugal continued until when the Portuguese declared a Portuguese to be the King of Portugal. Philip chose in to make his capital in the geographic center of his kingdom of Spain and Portugal. Madrid was the small town located at that point and it rose to be a great metropolis as a result of its status of capital. Philip built his palace, San Lorenzo del Escorial, about thirty miles from Madrid. Escorial means slag heap, as is found outside of a mine. The Escorial was not a palace of luxury; it more like a giant file cabinet to house the records of Philip's empires. It had 85 miles of corridors, 86 staircases, doors and windows. But the Escorial was more than an archive for public records.
- It had a strong religious character. There were 15 cloisters and numerous religious artifacts that were parts of the bodies of saints. Philip's spartan office adjoined the church altar. Philip had the Escorial built to collect the information needed to make informed decisions about his empires. He perceived the inefficiencies of his father and previous kings as being due to a lack of information and organization. Philip himself worked very hard to make his system of governance work. He had chronically red eyes from reading so much. But despite Philip's notable ability and willingness to work all of the time the system did not really work. The empires were too complex and far flung for central control from Madrid. Philip's attempt to gather information delayed the governance of the empire even more that it was under his predecessors.
- To make matters worse Philip procrastinated as he tried to figure out what his right action should be. One individual remarked upon the great delays in getting any action from Madrid by saying, "If Death is sent to us from Madrid we will live a very long time. He took it upon himself to stop the Ottoman Turk invasion of Europe. After several naval defeats his navy finally destroyed the Turkish navy at Lepanto in the Mediterranean in He also took it upon himself to counter Protestantism. Perhaps because of Philip's attempted defense of Catholicism in England and the Netherlands he was thoroughly disparaged by English writers and historians. This literary exaggeration of the faults of Philip and Spaniards in general is part of what is called The Black Legend of the horrors of the colonial Spanish Empire.
- Subscribe to our weekly newsletter. Paul Ratner 12 February, We look to history to figure out if the past is either a prologue or a lesson to the present. In terms of political history, the comparison between the United States and the Roman Empire is attractive because not only do these two represent the most powerful nations of their time, the U. The recent political strife plaguing the U. Certainly, from the historical perspective, no empire has lasted forever so far and the U. The Roman Empire was one of the most successful political and social entities in human history, lasting for over years, from 31 BC to CE. Like the U. But while the U. Here's why: 1. Political Instability Is Here but the U. A period of unrest and civil wars precipitated the transition to the empire.
- More or less effective emperors followed, with much internal intrigue and corruption that led to coups and assassinations. The U. The election of Donald Trump both increased the divide and is a symptom of it. Still, the U. It is also not the first time in recent history the country dealt with divisive issues, with the civil rights struggle and Vietnam War being quite contemporary events especially from a historical perspective. The country has survived more turmoil, and barring unprecedented measures from the new administration and ineffectiveness of other branches of the government, the U.
- Credit: Tataryn 2. The Economy Needs Work but Is in No Danger of Collapse Rome was engaged in regular wars and constantly overspent to keep protecting the borders of its huge empire. But eventually the expansion slowed due to stronger opponents and even pirates like Vandals operating in North Africa. This dwindled the supply of cheap slave labor and additional taxes. Roman rich also worked just as hard back in their time to pay less taxes, creating an increasing gap between the wealthy and the poor. Historians also point to a trade imbalance that eventually grew between Rome and China and India. These factors led to a slowing economy and a decline in Roman power.
- The military spending in the U. In , the Germanic warrior Odoacer led a revolt from within that deposed the Emperor Romulus Augustulus, making him the last Roman emperor to rule Italy from Rome. However, asymmetrical warfare like terror attacks by Islamic fundamentalists or cyberattacks and subterfuge from Russia can cause more gradual decline in American power due to weakening confidence in its leaders and institutions. Still, this is not likely to result in a serious military loss unless a more direct confrontation takes place, which at this point seems impossible. The country is transforming from a Christian and white-majority nation into an ever-more multicultural melting pot. Others have blamed the overspending and dumbing down of Rome via gladiator games and debauchery via crazed emperors like Nero for its decline. This, of course, makes an easy parallel to America's preoccupation with sports and reality tv stars, with the left painting Trump as a latter-day Nero.
- On the other hand, it can easily be argued that these types of entertainments and politics are nothing new historically and can be found in any century. As if they didn't have Kardashian-type subjects of everyone's gossip in Renaissance-era Florence of the ruthless Medicis and the Borgias. While the U. And the World With so much attention focused on the political strife, the lasting changes to America and its power are not likely to come from invading barbarian hordes.
AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE: Section 1 IMPERIALISM AND AMERICA By James Eskew
The coming world of complete automation , major life-extending medical advances and space exploration will transform the U. The Romans did employ and advance the technology of the day but their life was not upended because all the jobs were suddenly staffed by robots, something likely to happen within this century.- How technology changes America and the political entities around the world will not be clear until the singularity hits. Still, the political is not to be discounted. The rich and polite Italians, who had almost universally embraced the philosophy of Epicurus, enjoyed the present blessings of ease and tranquility, and suffered not the pleasing dream to be interrupted by the memory of their old tumultuous freedom. How long we can make it last is still up to us. Cover: Sacco di Roma.
- Such articles anger Americans. Led by future president Theodore Roosevelt, the Rough Riders become a model for others to follow. Does the United States have a duty to fight for freedom in neighboring countries? Maine explodes and sinks. The Spanish-American War begins. During this time period, the United States acquired Hawaii and Alaska, both of which became states in Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List events and concepts that illustrate the roots of imperialism. Political and military rivalry with other imperialist powers Political Construction of a modern naval fleet Roots of U. Imperialism Foreign trade, unemployment, and economic depression Combining Social Darwinism with belief in Anglo-Saxon superiority Economic Cultural Competition among industrial nations Impulse to spread Christianity continued.
- Manifest destiny greatly influenced American policy during the first half of the 19th century. How do you think manifest destiny set the stage for American imperialism at the end of the century? These patterns of expansion set the stage for the United States to join the race for overseas expansion. In your opinion, did Sanford B. Dole and other American planters have the right to stage a revolt in Hawaii in ? No: He did not have the right because he was a foreigner. In the following passage, how does Indiana Senator Albert J. Beveridge explain the need for the U. Great colonies governing themselves, flying our flag and trading with us, will grow about our posts of trade.
- In a debate raged in the United States over whether the U. Summarize the pros and cons of this debate. The Annexation of the Philippines Reasons in Favor of Annexation: Reasons Against Annexation: To educate the people and make them Christians Annexation would be a violation of self government, which is guaranteed by the Constitution. What do you think were the unstated editorial policies of yellow journalism? Many anti-imperialists worried that imperialism might threaten the American democratic system.
CHAPTER 10 America Claims An Empire - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
How might this happen? Why do you think Roosevelt was willing to take this risk? How do you think this decision affected his political career? The publicity that he got as a result of his participation probably added to his appeal as a political candidate. Today, the United States maintains a strong military and political presence in strategic worldwide locations. List some key events relating to U. The Platt Amendment authorizes U. Congress grants U. How did it help Puerto Ricans? Do you think the benefits outweighed the harmful effects? Why or why not? Help: The island fell under the protection of the United States government. Yes: because the United States protected Puerto Rico from the rule of harsh dictators No: because the people of Puerto Rico were not granted self-government continued. How was U. To what can you attribute the difference? The U. The annexation of China was never a goal. How did U. The Open Door notes were a nonmilitary attempt to get trading rights in China. List ways Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson used American power around the world during their presidencies.- In your opinion, should the United States have become involved in the affairs of Colombia, Nicaragua, and Mexico during the early s? No: The U. They had the right to choose their own governments.
The Spanish-American War And Overseas Empire | US History II (OS Collection)
Making Sense of Evidence on History Matters 2. Download or bookmark the various sources and documents the students will use in the lesson. Lesson Activities Activity 1. The Albany Congress and Political Identity 1. Look at the Northeast and the area marked Iroquois: Ask students to identify the text in the two lines below the word Iroquois. Make sure that you view the map in its largest format — In Internet Explorer use the Zoom Level on the bottom right of the browser frame. Ask students to locate the boundaries between the British colonies and the Native Americans. Discuss the lack of boundaries shown on the map.- How do the borders differ on this map? Students should be familiar with the role of the British North American colonies in the eighteenth century. Now divide students into three groups to read the documents below one document for each group to provide evidence to help them answer the questions posed below. Each one of these documents is directly or indirectly a product of the Albany Congress, which can be introduced to students with this short explanation of the Congress from the Constitution Society, linked from the Internet Public Library.
- Ask the students to annotate evidence such as phrases, words, and concepts that help them to answer the following questions for each set of documents. What were their political goals? How did they hope to achieve them? How did they want political life in America to be organized? What rules did they want? The documents are: Thomas Pownell, British imperial administrator, selection from his The Administration of the Colonies , pages 35— Students in each one of the three groups should read their annotations to the entire class.
- The discussion should focus on the following questions: What are the different concepts of empire being offered? What are the arguments being made for how empire should work? Who was making these arguments? Based on their reading of the three documents and the discussion, the teacher and students should construct a chart of the goals of three of the groups of people who occupied and contested the North American continent in the midth century: British colonial officials and interest groups, North American colonists, and Native Americans sample chart.
Continental Congress Adopts The Declaration Of Independence - HISTORY
First, the teacher should ask students to discuss the colonists and the Native Americans. Construct a three-column chart with these questions: What did each group want in North America? What were some of the conflicts between the colonists and the Native Americans? What were some of the conflicts between the colonists and the British officials? What were some of the differences among the colonists such as gender, race, and ethnicity? How might those differences have affected relationships between the colonists and the British officials? The class should go through the questions above again in a discussion about the British officials and the colonists. Return to the chart. Assessment Ask students to write an essay that responds to the following questions, being sure to use evidence from at least three different primary sources along with secondary sources to support their answers: How did British colonial leaders, North American British colonial leaders, and Native Americans want to organize North American society in general and relationships among themselves in particular?
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